In Approval

Switch mode power supply contain some large filter capacitors that can hold dangerous charges even if the unit has not been used for several days. Typical values of this type of filter capacitor are 220uf 250volt and 330uf 400volt! If you are going to work on the power supply circuits, it’s a good idea to discharge that capacitor first. There are three ways to discharge the big filter capacitor in a power supply. 1)Discharge it with a screw driver (not recommended). The reason for not using the screw driver to discharge a capacitor is because -the printed circuit board or circuitry can be damage due to the spark generated while discharging the high voltage capacitor. I once blowed the power section using this method. However, if you know that the capacitor stored voltage is not too large, you can easily discharge it with a small screw driver. -if the capacitor holds a heavier charge of electricity. Discharging the capacitor may melt the tip of the screw driver and the copper on the printed circuit board. -Sometimes a heavier spark may cause small disintegrated solder lead or copper to fly out from the circuit board and may injured your eyes.

2)Place the leads of a socketed 100 watt electric bulb on the leads of the capacitor. This method had been used by many technicians around the world for the light bulb will act as an indicator to see if the capacitor still holds the charge. If there is a charge the light bulb will light and after discharged the light bulb will goes off.

3)Place the leads of a high wattage resistor on the leads of the capacitor. I use a 2.2k ohm 10 watt resistor to discharge the high voltage capacitor in a switch mode power supplies. It is simple to use and very effective .It takes only couple of seconds to fully discharge the capacitor.

Conclusion-I strongly suggest for those who use screw driver to discharge a capacitor to swift to the second and third method as these is the safest method to protect the circuit and most importantly is yourself.

In the latest issue of Food Engineering magazine, leading manufacturing journalist Thomas R. Cutler, profiled Calhoun Bend Mill. Based in Jonesville, Louisiana, Calhoun Bend Mill manufactures a wide variety of dessert, cornbread, and fry mixes. The company sells its products to grocery stores via direct store delivery distributors (DSD), and via phone, mail order and the Internet. Other distribution channels for Calhoun Bend Mill include sells to restaurants, hospitals, schools and other institutions with the Food Service line. The company also manufactures mixes for contract customers and offers private labelling.

The Louisiana food manufacturer selected PRONTO ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), the leading food manufacturing enterprise management systems. According to Martie Hoover, Operations Manager at Calhoun Bend Mill, the company was seeking a solution to automate current business processes and expand as the company grows. “We reviewed several food manufacturing ERP vendors, but PRONTO ERP stood out with its full suite of modules and functionality.” Hoover made it clear, “With PRONTO-Xi, we no longer need to create manual spreadsheets. With faster and more accurate reporting, we make better decisions about material requirements and purchasing.”

Pronto North America, Inc. is widely recognized as the authority in technologically driven business solutions and process management. Utilizing innovative implementation techniques and tools, Pronto North America generates increased performance, service, efficiency, and accountability.

Pronto North America is the North American Master Distributor of PRONTO-Xi, a comprehensive software system allowing manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to effectively manage all phases of their business. Far beyond just another Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, PRONTO-Xi’s financial and distribution applications are unique and have provided maximum return on investment for a wide variety of organizations since 1976. From PRONTO Production to PRONTO Advanced Warehousing; from PRONTO Planning to PRONTO Quality Management System (QMS); from PRONTO Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) to PRONTO Forecasting Management, the cross-section and breadth of integrated elements addressed by PRONTO-Xi is unmatched in the marketplace and justifies its natural leadership role as the best fully integrated business software solution.

PRONTO North America www.prontoerp.com Tom Verzi 952-942-5858

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This is a mechanism by which you can print from wherever you are, directly from your Bluetooth capable portable PC, PDA or cell phone, without having to find access points or making a cable connection. A single adapter provides you with a wireless connection to either USB, or, parallel printers on both old and new printers.

The Bluetooth wireless print adapters come with support for a wide range of file formats, as well as numerous print profiles. Just plug it in and print!

The Bluetooth wireless printer adapters ship with configuration software for remarkably simple installation and management. Check this out with the vendor.

The flexible option is worth it. Just plug the adapter to a free USB port on the printer and place the printer in a conference room, another building or a place of your convenience.

You don’t have to bother about connecting to the LAN via a network cable, or to the parallel port and so on. The very useful option provides wireless connectivity to the printer, especially when you are on the move with your laptop.

The Adapter comes with the security features like encryption, user authentication and other security features.

A recent poll revealed that fetching underwear items are doubtlessly the posh on the shopping list proven to guide females young and old to perceive themselves as thrilling. As a front-runner in the luxuriant ladies underwear niche, Myla is a London, England headquartered British house focusing on trimming females young and old to feel stunning and self-assured in fetching lingerie and nightwear.

Having subscribed to the ultimate in carnal joy Myla presents its clientele with daring underwear items exclusively fashioned from luxury textile fibers including pure satin, chiffon, needlelace plus, of course, mesh lingerie. Catering to flirtatious girls young and old there’ll be triangle bras plus silk & lace open knicker, triangle bras plus conforming frilled thongs and skinny suspender and or sweet kittenish baby-dolls exclusively fashioned from chiffon and needlelace. This kind of great line of products presents its clientele with shell mesh basques, skirted hipsters, body silk jerseys plus, of course, long satin silk halterneck pajamas.

Fit for the bedroom, you’ll find satin and stays, silk & lace open knicker, panty slips, sheer g-strings and frilled garters. As regards gorgeous bedroom love equipment lingerie lovers will recommend designer vibrators, silk & satin high heels, fishnets, garter belts and erotically scented lavender passion candles. Stun and magnetize with feather ticklers, feather fluff tie ups, blindfolds with silken ties, lascivious jojoba massage oil, succulent chocolate body frosting or a kittenish paddle.

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Superultramodern Scientism (SSism) is Scientism of Superultramodern Science (SS). Without SSism, SS would be seen as a philosophy instead of science. SSism agrees with the definition of Science as a systematic body of knowledge. More systematic a body of knowledge is the more scientific it is.

SSism is essentially based on its critique of logical positivism as well as falsificationism and the principle of universal doubt. :

1. Critique of logical positivism -

Logical positivism is a doctrine that if some theory ( that is supposed to be speaking about the nature of physical /material reality ) is not verifiable then it is meaningless or absurd. SSism states that the meaning of a theory has nothing to do with its verifiabitlity but rather the nature of concepts it involves. ( This is axiomatic. )

2. Critique of logical falsificationism -

Logical falsificationism is a doctrine that if some theory ( that is supposed to be speaking about the nature of physical / material reality ) is not falsifiable then it is unscientific. Thus it is instead metaphysical, if at all meaningful. SSism states that falsifiability of a theory has nothing to do with its being scientific. (This is axiomatic.)

3. The principle of universal doubt -

It is the principle that ‘anything may be possible’ for what is believed to be 100 % certain at the moment may be because of the limited intellectual capacities of the believer. This suggests that no part / kind of science (including pure mathematics) is to be seen as absolutely certain. Thus the idea of science reduces to the idea of systematic body of knowledge where each group or proposition has its own probability attached to it.

The word philosophy, as it is distinguished from science, is misleading, as it means what philosophy contains is impossible to be a systematic body of knowledge and what science contains is certain or proved.

Kedar Joshi BSc MA MRI Cambridge, UK.

The following four-article series was published in a newsletter of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). It serves as an introduction to the recent analysis discipline known as the finite element method. The author is an engineering consultant and expert witness specializing in finite element analysis.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: Pre-processing

by Steve Roensch, President, Roensch & Associates

Second in a four-part series

As discussed last month, finite element analysis is comprised of pre-processing, solution and post-processing phases. The goals of pre-processing are to develop an appropriate finite element mesh, assign suitable material properties, and apply boundary conditions in the form of restraints and loads.

The finite element mesh subdivides the geometry into elements, upon which are found nodes. The nodes, which are really just point locations in space, are generally located at the element corners and perhaps near each midside. For a two-dimensional (2D) analysis, or a three-dimensional (3D) thin shell analysis, the elements are essentially 2D, but may be “warped” slightly to conform to a 3D surface. An example is the thin shell linear quadrilateral; thin shell implies essentially classical shell theory, linear defines the interpolation of mathematical quantities across the element, and quadrilateral describes the geometry. For a 3D solid analysis, the elements have physical thickness in all three dimensions. Common examples include solid linear brick and solid parabolic tetrahedral elements. In addition, there are many special elements, such as axisymmetric elements for situations in which the geometry, material and boundary conditions are all symmetric about an axis.

The model’s degrees of freedom (dof) are assigned at the nodes. Solid elements generally have three translational dof per node. Rotations are accomplished through translations of groups of nodes relative to other nodes. Thin shell elements, on the other hand, have six dof per node: three translations and three rotations. The addition of rotational dof allows for evaluation of quantities through the shell, such as bending stresses due to rotation of one node relative to another. Thus, for structures in which classical thin shell theory is a valid approximation, carrying extra dof at each node bypasses the necessity of modeling the physical thickness. The assignment of nodal dof also depends on the class of analysis. For a thermal analysis, for example, only one temperature dof exists at each node.

Developing the mesh is usually the most time-consuming task in FEA. In the past, node locations were keyed in manually to approximate the geometry. The more modern approach is to develop the mesh directly on the CAD geometry, which will be (1) wireframe, with points and curves representing edges, (2) surfaced, with surfaces defining boundaries, or (3) solid, defining where the material is. Solid geometry is preferred, but often a surfacing package can create a complex blend that a solids package will not handle. As far as geometric detail, an underlying rule of FEA is to “model what is there”, and yet simplifying assumptions simply must be applied to avoid huge models. Analyst experience is of the essence.

The geometry is meshed with a mapping algorithm or an automatic free-meshing algorithm. The first maps a rectangular grid onto a geometric region, which must therefore have the correct number of sides. Mapped meshes can use the accurate and cheap solid linear brick 3D element, but can be very time-consuming, if not impossible, to apply to complex geometries. Free-meshing automatically subdivides meshing regions into elements, with the advantages of fast meshing, easy mesh-size transitioning (for a denser mesh in regions of large gradient), and adaptive capabilities. Disadvantages include generation of huge models, generation of distorted elements, and, in 3D, the use of the rather expensive solid parabolic tetrahedral element. It is always important to check elemental distortion prior to solution. A badly distorted element will cause a matrix singularity, killing the solution. A less distorted element may solve, but can deliver very poor answers. Acceptable levels of distortion are dependent upon the solver being used.

Material properties required vary with the type of solution. A linear statics analysis, for example, will require an elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and perhaps a density for each material. Thermal properties are required for a thermal analysis. Examples of restraints are declaring a nodal translation or temperature. Loads include forces, pressures and heat flux. It is preferable to apply boundary conditions to the CAD geometry, with the FEA package transferring them to the underlying model, to allow for simpler application of adaptive and optimization algorithms. It is worth noting that the largest error in the entire process is often in the boundary conditions. Running multiple cases as a sensitivity analysis may be required.

Next month’s article will discuss the solution phase of the finite element method.

© 1996-2005 Roensch & Associates. All rights reserved.

With the amount of progress going on in TV machinery it is necessary to understand a few of the most significant advances. This info to liquid crystal display TVs (LCD) looks at the specific advantages of the equipment. This information offers you all the essential facts on how to find the greatest image and gives an explanation on numerous of the key traits to watch out for with Liquid Crystal Display TVs. Find great offers on numerous products including, Cheap 37″ LCD TV at Sound and Vision!

There at present 2 undeniable advantages with Liquid Crystal Display TVs over Plasma televisions. The first is that LCD could be much easier to view when weighed to a traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) TV set. This is because televisions displays are extensively brighter with a higher contrast & flicker free picture. Liquid Crystal Display tellies on average work as they should in roughly any type of room lighting from bright to ambient. Subsequently, Liquid Crystal Display TVs usually have a higher native resolution than plasma TVs of a comparable size therefore making them just right for high-definition output. Even if plasma TVs are currently superior for pure screen size, as more and more television channels come in hi-def TV (HDTV), LCD technology will probably come to the top.

How LCD TVs Essentially Work?

LCD products are comparatively difficult and growing each & every day. This technology is founded upon the fact that liquid crystals are, in their normal form, warped. The ability of the crystals to let light through can be altered by applying electric voltage. Very simply put, a light source is sent through a liquid holding crystals held amid two polarised displays. By permitting the precise quantity of light to pass through, the wanted picture is produced.

Note – Godel’s Theorems

The work of an important, though eccentric, Czech-Austrian mathematical logician, Kurt Gdel (1906-1978) dealt with the completeness and consistency of logical systems. A passing acquaintance with his two theorems would have saved the architect a lot of time.

Gdel’s First Incompleteness Theorem states that every consistent axiomatic logical system, sufficient to express arithmetic, contains true but unprovable (“not decidable”) sentences. In certain cases (when the system is omega-consistent), both said sentences and their negation are unprovable. The system is consistent and true – but not “complete” because not all its sentences can be decided as true or false by either being proved or by being refuted.

The Second Incompleteness Theorem is even more earth-shattering. It says that no consistent formal logical system can prove its own consistency. The system may be complete – but then we are unable to show, using its axioms and inference laws, that it is consistent

In other words, a computational system can either be complete and inconsistent – or consistent and incomplete. By trying to construct a system both complete and consistent, a robotics engineer would run afoul of Gdel’s theorem.

Note – Turing Machines

In 1936 an American (Alonzo Church) and a Briton (Alan M. Turing) published independently (as is often the case in science) the basics of a new branch in Mathematics (and logic): computability or recursive functions (later to be developed into Automata Theory).

The authors confined themselves to dealing with computations which involved “effective” or “mechanical” methods for finding results (which could also be expressed as solutions (values) to formulae). These methods were so called because they could, in principle, be performed by simple machines (or human-computers or human-calculators, to use Turing’s unfortunate phrases). The emphasis was on finiteness: a finite number of instructions, a finite number of symbols in each instruction, a finite number of steps to the result. This is why these methods were usable by humans without the aid of an apparatus (with the exception of pencil and paper as memory aids). Moreover: no insight or ingenuity were allowed to “interfere” or to be part of the solution seeking process.

What Church and Turing did was to construct a set of all the functions whose values could be obtained by applying effective or mechanical calculation methods. Turing went further down Church’s road and designed the “Turing Machine” – a machine which can calculate the values of all the functions whose values can be found using effective or mechanical methods. Thus, the program running the TM (=Turing Machine in the rest of this text) was really an effective or mechanical method. For the initiated readers: Church solved the decision-problem for propositional calculus and Turing proved that there is no solution to the decision problem relating to the predicate calculus. Put more simply, it is possible to “prove” the truth value (or the theorem status) of an expression in the propositional calculus – but not in the predicate calculus. Later it was shown that many functions (even in number theory itself) were not recursive, meaning that they could not be solved by a Turing Machine.

No one succeeded to prove that a function must be recursive in order to be effectively calculable. This is (as Post noted) a “working hypothesis” supported by overwhelming evidence. We don’t know of any effectively calculable function which is not recursive, by designing new TMs from existing ones we can obtain new effectively calculable functions from existing ones and TM computability stars in every attempt to understand effective calculability (or these attempts are reducible or equivalent to TM computable functions).

The Turing Machine itself, though abstract, has many “real world” features. It is a blueprint for a computing device with one “ideal” exception: its unbounded memory (the tape is infinite). Despite its hardware appearance (a read/write head which scans a two-dimensional tape inscribed with ones and zeroes, etc.) – it is really a software application, in today’s terminology. It carries out instructions, reads and writes, counts and so on. It is an automaton designed to implement an effective or mechanical method of solving functions (determining the truth value of propositions). If the transition from input to output is deterministic we have a classical automaton – if it is determined by a table of probabilities – we have a probabilistic automaton.

With time and hype, the limitations of TMs were forgotten. No one can say that the Mind is a TM because no one can prove that it is engaged in solving only recursive functions. We can say that TMs can do whatever digital computers are doing – but not that digital computers are TMs by definition. Maybe they are – maybe they are not. We do not know enough about them and about their future.

Moreover, the demand that recursive functions be computable by an UNAIDED human seems to restrict possible equivalents. Inasmuch as computers emulate human computation (Turing did believe so when he helped construct the ACE, at the time the fastest computer in the world) – they are TMs. Functions whose values are calculated by AIDED humans with the contribution of a computer are still recursive. It is when humans are aided by other kinds of instruments that we have a problem. If we use measuring devices to determine the values of a function it does not seem to conform to the definition of a recursive function. So, we can generalize and say that functions whose values are calculated by an AIDED human could be recursive, depending on the apparatus used and on the lack of ingenuity or insight (the latter being, anyhow, a weak, non-rigorous requirement which cannot be formalized).

About the Author

Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of Malignant Self Love – Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain – How the West Lost the East. He served as a columnist for Central Europe Review, PopMatters, and eBookWeb , and Bellaonline, and as a United Press International (UPI) Senior Business Correspondent. He is the the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The Open Directory and Suite101.

Physical activity offers a broad range of benefits, including the prevention of obesity, improved self confidence, and an overall sense of well-being. Physical education programs within the school setting can set the stage for how children view physical fitness, activity levels, and future health. Physical education programs also include general health and safety information in addition to providing opportunities for students to learn how to cooperate with one another in a team setting.

A Lifetime of Health
The school setting provides a structured atmosphere in which to incorporate physical health activities and ideally develop healthy habits for life. Studies indicate that promotion of a healthy lifestyle taught in physical education classes can influence long-term health benefits such as reduced rates of obesity, heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Perhaps just as importantly, physical education programs can teach students that physical activity can be fun. With a broad range of games and activities, children are exposed to forms of exercise that don’t simply involve running around a track. Games and other activities incorporate teamwork, strategy, skill-building exercises, and fun.

Nutritional Information
Physical education classes are ideal for introducing basic nutritional concepts to children. Poor eating habits are common among many children and adolescents; however, a solid foundation in healthy eating choices can help lay the groundwork for improved food choices. Children who eat regular, healthy meals consisting of a wide range of food choices concentrate better in school and are less disruptive. Healthy eating also decreases the chances of children developing serious health problems early in life and reduces obesity rates among youth and into adulthood.

Life Skills
Physical education also provides an opportunity for children to develop critical life skills, such as problem solving, strategy, and working together. Many team sports require participants to work together to achieve a goal. Children also learn the basics of good sportsmanship and that there is much more to sports and physical activities than simply winning or losing. Sports require training, mental and physical preparation, and help build self-confidence.

Mental Health
Regular physical activity has shown to have many psychological and mental benefits in addition to the physical ones. For example, regular exercise can reduce feelings of depression and anxiety and promote an overall sense of well-being. The increased blood flow during exercise transports oxygen to all parts of the body, including the brain, which can help improve memory and reasoning skills. Conversely, a lack of oxygen, which can result from not enough deep breathing, can lead to disorientation, confusion, fatigue, and memory and concentration difficulties.

About the author:

Discover more about our Physical Education Programs and related Education articles please goto www.officialeducation.com

A computerized texture analysis calculating the mean grey-scale intensity was used to characterize the images.

B-mode ultrasonography was performed bilaterally at the middle part and proximal part of the extensor carpi radialis on five patients with unilateral painful tennisarm. Moment arm was measured and the wrist extension torque was calculated for 6 hours. Results are presented as mean. However, there were no significant differences after 7 weeks.

Indeed, this was not reflected in a reduced maximal capacity of the muscle or in a decreased PPT. Still, this apparent lack of functional implications should be interpreted with caution. For 9 years gain settings were standardized and kept constant. An ultrasound scanner fitted with a 905 MHz linear matrix transducer was used for the past 2 months.

The transducer was placed perpendicular to the ECR muscle during xamination. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology is poorly understood for the first 2 minutes.

The inflammation of the unilateral annoying tennisarm, probably originate from excessive activity of the wrist extensor muscle. Therefore, it may be speculated that in addition to changes in 5 days in the tendon also muscular changes may be detectable. Each image consisted of pixels with greyscale values ranging from 519 to 720. Further, if the contractile tissue is affected it would also be expected to affect the force generating capacity in 2 months.

Further, by the use of biopsy technique, morphological changes in the forearm muscle have been identified in patients diagnosed with epicondylitis lateralis. Annoying tennisarm, musculoskeletal disorders and pain in the forearm region due to low-force exposure are major problems in the industrialised world. Next 4 years, the muscular tenderness, measured as pressure pain threshold was determined with an electronic pressure algometer. Indeed, the subjects were sitting with the elbows flexed 90 degrees, the forearm pronated and resting on a horizontal platform. The diameter of the contact area was 753 mm and the pressure was applied perpendicularly to the skin at the middle part of ECR and with a speed of 826 kPa/s. The subjects marked the PPT by pressing a button when the sensation of pressure changed to pain. All PPT measurements were conducted 34 times at both the pain and the no-pain arm, and the mean value was calculated.

Translated it means: Woon je in Noordwijk of Voorst en heb je tennisarm’ goed verhelpen van tennisarm injury is nog nooit zo eenvoudig geweest. Ga nu naar tennisarm snel genezen, want van Voerendaal tot Bernheze, tennisarm snel behandelen is altijd mogelijk.

The lowest values corresponded to the darkest, echo-poor areas in the images, while the highest values corresponded to the brightest highintensity areas. Therefore, the finding of a well preserved force capacity in the muscle indicating unaffected contractile tissue was corroborated by the results from the ultrasound grey-scale analysis for 9 minutes.